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Infrastructure/Network Monitoring Tools

Splunk - Discovery & Enumeration

Splunk is prevalent in internal networks and often runs as root on Linux or SYSTEM on Windows systems. While uncommon, we may encounter Splunk externally facing at times. Let's imagine that we uncover a forgotten instance of Splunk in our Aquatone report that has since automatically converted to the free version, which does not require authentication. Since we have yet to gain a foothold in the internal network, let's focus our attention on Splunk and see if we can turn this access into RCE.

The Splunk web server runs by default on port 8000. On older versions of Splunk, the default credentials are admin:changeme, which are conveniently displayed on the login page.

The latest version of Splunk sets credentials during the installation process. If the default credentials do not work, it is worth checking for common weak passwords such as admin, Welcome, Welcome1, Password123, etc.

We can discover Splunk with a quick Nmap service scan. Here we can see that Nmap identified the Splunkd httpd service on port 8000 and port 8089, the Splunk management port for communication with the Splunk REST API.

sudo nmap -sV 10.129.201.50

Starting Nmap 7.80 ( https://nmap.org ) at 2021-09-22 08:43 EDT
Nmap scan report for 10.129.201.50
Host is up (0.11s latency).
Not shown: 991 closed ports
PORT     STATE SERVICE       VERSION
80/tcp   open  http          Microsoft IIS httpd 10.0
135/tcp  open  msrpc         Microsoft Windows RPC
139/tcp  open  netbios-ssn   Microsoft Windows netbios-ssn
445/tcp  open  microsoft-ds?
3389/tcp open  ms-wbt-server Microsoft Terminal Services
5357/tcp open  http          Microsoft HTTPAPI httpd 2.0 (SSDP/UPnP)
8000/tcp open  ssl/http      Splunkd httpd
8080/tcp open  http          Indy httpd 17.3.33.2830 (Paessler PRTG bandwidth monitor)
8089/tcp open  ssl/http      Splunkd httpd
Service Info: OS: Windows; CPE: cpe:/o:microsoft:windows

Service detection performed. Please report any incorrect results at https://nmap.org/submit/ .
Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 39.22 seconds

Enumeration

The Splunk Enterprise trial converts to a free version after 60 days, which doesn’t require authentication. It is not uncommon for system administrators to install a trial of Splunk to test it out, which is subsequently forgotten about. This will automatically convert to the free version that does not have any form of authentication, introducing a security hole in the environment. Some organizations may opt for the free version due to budget constraints, not fully understanding the implications of having no user/role management.

Once logged in to Splunk (or having accessed an instance of Splunk Free), we can browse data, run reports, create dashboards, install applications from the Splunkbase library, and install custom applications.

Splunk has multiple ways of running code, such as server-side Django applications, REST endpoints, scripted inputs, and alerting scripts. A common method of gaining remote code execution on a Splunk server is through the use of a scripted input. These are designed to help integrate Splunk with data sources such as APIs or file servers that require custom methods to access. Scripted inputs are intended to run these scripts, with STDOUT provided as input to Splunk.

As Splunk can be installed on Windows or Linux hosts, scripted inputs can be created to run Bash, PowerShell, or Batch scripts. Also, every Splunk installation comes with Python installed, so Python scripts can be run on any Splunk system. A quick way to gain RCE is by creating a scripted input that tells Splunk to run a Python reverse shell script.

Aside from this built-in functionality, Splunk has suffered from various public vulnerabilities over the years, such as this SSRF that could be used to gain unauthorized access to the Splunk REST API.

Attacking Splunk

We can use this (personal fork) Splunk package to assist us. The bin directory in this repo has examples for Python and PowerShell. Let's walk through this step-by-step.

To achieve this, we first need to create a custom Splunk application using the following directory structure.

The bin directory will contain any scripts that we intend to run (in this case, a PowerShell reverse shell), and the default directory will have our inputs.conf file. Our reverse shell will be a PowerShell one-liner.

The inputs.conf file tells Splunk which script to run and any other conditions. Here we set the app as enabled and tell Splunk to run the script every 10 seconds. The interval is always in seconds, and the input (script) will only run if this setting is present.

We need the .bat file, which will run when the application is deployed and execute the PowerShell one-liner.

Once the files are created, we can create a tarball or .spl file.

The next step is to choose Install app from file and upload the application.

Before uploading the malicious custom app, let's start a listener using Netcat or socat.

On the Upload app page, click on browse, choose the tarball we created earlier and click Upload.

As soon as we upload the application, a reverse shell is received as the status of the application will automatically be switched to Enabled.

If we were dealing with a Linux 🐧 host, we would need to edit the rev.py Python script before creating the tarball and uploading the custom malicious app. The rest of the process would be the same, and we would get a reverse shell connection on our Netcat listener and be off to the races.

If the compromised Splunk host is a deployment server, it will likely be possible to achieve RCE on any hosts with Universal Forwarders installed on them. To push a reverse shell out to other hosts, the application must be placed in the $SPLUNK_HOME/etc/deployment-apps directory on the compromised host. In a Windows-heavy environment, we will need to create an application using a PowerShell reverse shell since the Universal forwarders do not install with Python like the Splunk server.

Splunk CVE-2024-36991

Arbitrary file read

LogoGitHub - bigb0x/CVE-2024-36991: POC for CVE-2024-36991: This exploit will attempt to read Splunk /etc/passwd file.GitHub

read

for ldap password and encryption secret. Use https://github.com/HurricaneLabs/splunksecrets to decrypt

PRTG Network Monitor

Discovery/Footprinting/Enumeration

We can quickly discover PRTG from an Nmap scan. It can typically be found on common web ports such as 80, 443, or 8080. It is possible to change the web interface port in the Setup section when logged in as an admin.

From the Nmap scan above, we can see the service Indy httpd 17.3.33.2830 (Paessler PRTG bandwidth monitor) detected on port 8080.

PRTG also shows up in the EyeWitness scan we performed earlier. Here we can see that EyeWitness lists the default credentials prtgadmin:prtgadmin. They are typically pre-filled on the login page, and we often find them unchanged. Vulnerability scanners such as Nessus also have plugins that detect the presence of PRTG.

Once we have discovered PRTG, we can confirm by browsing to the URL and are presented with the login page.

CVE-2018-9276 is an authenticated command injection in the PRTG System Administrator web console for PRTG Network Monitor before version 18.2.39. Based on the version reported by Nmap, we can assume that we are dealing with a vulnerable version. Using cURL we can see that the version number is indeed 17.3.33.283.

Our first attempt to log in with the default credentials fails, but a few tries later, we are in with prtgadmin:Password123.

Leveraging Known Vulnerabilities

Once logged in, we can explore a bit, but we know that this is likely vulnerable to a command injection flaw so let's get right to it. This excellent blog post by the individual who discovered this flaw does a great job of walking through the initial discovery process and how they discovered it.

When creating a new notification, the Parameter field is passed directly into a PowerShell script without any type of input sanitization.

To begin, mouse over Setup in the top right and then the Account Settings menu and finally click on Notifications.

Next, click on Add new notification.

Give the notification a name and scroll down and tick the box next to EXECUTE PROGRAM. Under Program File, select Demo exe notification - outfile.ps1 from the drop-down. Finally, in the parameter field, enter a command. For our purposes, we will add a new local admin user by entering test.txt;net user prtgadm1 Pwn3d_by_PRTG! /add;net localgroup administrators prtgadm1 /add. During an actual assessment, we may want to do something that does not change the system, such as getting a reverse shell or connection to our favorite C2. Finally, click the Save button.

After clicking Save, we will be redirected to the Notifications page and see our new notification named pwn in the list.

Now, we could have scheduled the notification to run (and execute our command) at a later time when setting it up. This could prove handy as a persistence mechanism during a long-term engagement and is worth taking note of.

Schedules can be modified in the account settings menu if we want to set it up to run at a specific time every day to get our connection back or something of that nature. At this point, all that is left is to click the Test button to run our notification and execute the command to add a local admin user. After clicking Test we will get a pop-up that says EXE notification is queued up. If we receive any sort of error message here, we can go back and double-check the notification settings.

Since this is a blind command execution, we won't get any feedback, so we'd have to either check our listener for a connection back or, in our case, check to see if we can authenticate to the host as a local admin. We can use CrackMapExec to confirm local admin access. We could also try to RDP to the box, access over WinRM, or use a tool such as evil-winrm or something from the impacket toolkit such as wmiexec.py or psexec.py.

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