Infrastructure/Network Monitoring Tools
Splunk - Discovery & Enumeration
Splunk is prevalent in internal networks and often runs as root on Linux or SYSTEM on Windows systems. While uncommon, we may encounter Splunk externally facing at times. Let's imagine that we uncover a forgotten instance of Splunk in our Aquatone report that has since automatically converted to the free version, which does not require authentication. Since we have yet to gain a foothold in the internal network, let's focus our attention on Splunk and see if we can turn this access into RCE.
The Splunk web server runs by default on port 8000. On older versions of Splunk, the default credentials are admin:changeme, which are conveniently displayed on the login page.
The latest version of Splunk sets credentials during the installation process. If the default credentials do not work, it is worth checking for common weak passwords such as admin, Welcome, Welcome1, Password123, etc.
We can discover Splunk with a quick Nmap service scan. Here we can see that Nmap identified the Splunkd httpd service on port 8000 and port 8089, the Splunk management port for communication with the Splunk REST API.
Enumeration
The Splunk Enterprise trial converts to a free version after 60 days, which doesn’t require authentication. It is not uncommon for system administrators to install a trial of Splunk to test it out, which is subsequently forgotten about. This will automatically convert to the free version that does not have any form of authentication, introducing a security hole in the environment. Some organizations may opt for the free version due to budget constraints, not fully understanding the implications of having no user/role management.
Once logged in to Splunk (or having accessed an instance of Splunk Free), we can browse data, run reports, create dashboards, install applications from the Splunkbase library, and install custom applications.
Splunk has multiple ways of running code, such as server-side Django applications, REST endpoints, scripted inputs, and alerting scripts. A common method of gaining remote code execution on a Splunk server is through the use of a scripted input. These are designed to help integrate Splunk with data sources such as APIs or file servers that require custom methods to access. Scripted inputs are intended to run these scripts, with STDOUT provided as input to Splunk.
As Splunk can be installed on Windows or Linux hosts, scripted inputs can be created to run Bash, PowerShell, or Batch scripts. Also, every Splunk installation comes with Python installed, so Python scripts can be run on any Splunk system. A quick way to gain RCE is by creating a scripted input that tells Splunk to run a Python reverse shell script.
Attacking Splunk
To achieve this, we first need to create a custom Splunk application using the following directory structure.
The bin directory will contain any scripts that we intend to run (in this case, a PowerShell reverse shell), and the default directory will have our inputs.conf file. Our reverse shell will be a PowerShell one-liner.
We need the .bat file, which will run when the application is deployed and execute the PowerShell one-liner.
Once the files are created, we can create a tarball or .spl file.
The next step is to choose Install app from file and upload the application.
On the Upload app page, click on browse, choose the tarball we created earlier and click Upload.
As soon as we upload the application, a reverse shell is received as the status of the application will automatically be switched to Enabled.
If the compromised Splunk host is a deployment server, it will likely be possible to achieve RCE on any hosts with Universal Forwarders installed on them. To push a reverse shell out to other hosts, the application must be placed in the $SPLUNK_HOME/etc/deployment-apps directory on the compromised host. In a Windows-heavy environment, we will need to create an application using a PowerShell reverse shell since the Universal forwarders do not install with Python like the Splunk server.
Splunk CVE-2024-36991
Arbitrary file read
read
PRTG Network Monitor
Discovery/Footprinting/Enumeration
We can quickly discover PRTG from an Nmap scan. It can typically be found on common web ports such as 80, 443, or 8080. It is possible to change the web interface port in the Setup section when logged in as an admin.
From the Nmap scan above, we can see the service Indy httpd 17.3.33.2830 (Paessler PRTG bandwidth monitor) detected on port 8080.
Once we have discovered PRTG, we can confirm by browsing to the URL and are presented with the login page.
Our first attempt to log in with the default credentials fails, but a few tries later, we are in with prtgadmin:Password123.
Leveraging Known Vulnerabilities
When creating a new notification, the Parameter field is passed directly into a PowerShell script without any type of input sanitization.
To begin, mouse over Setup in the top right and then the Account Settings menu and finally click on Notifications.
Next, click on Add new notification.
Give the notification a name and scroll down and tick the box next to EXECUTE PROGRAM. Under Program File, select Demo exe notification - outfile.ps1 from the drop-down. Finally, in the parameter field, enter a command. For our purposes, we will add a new local admin user by entering test.txt;net user prtgadm1 Pwn3d_by_PRTG! /add;net localgroup administrators prtgadm1 /add. During an actual assessment, we may want to do something that does not change the system, such as getting a reverse shell or connection to our favorite C2. Finally, click the Save button.
After clicking Save, we will be redirected to the Notifications page and see our new notification named pwn in the list.
Now, we could have scheduled the notification to run (and execute our command) at a later time when setting it up. This could prove handy as a persistence mechanism during a long-term engagement and is worth taking note of.
Schedules can be modified in the account settings menu if we want to set it up to run at a specific time every day to get our connection back or something of that nature. At this point, all that is left is to click the Test button to run our notification and execute the command to add a local admin user. After clicking Test we will get a pop-up that says EXE notification is queued up. If we receive any sort of error message here, we can go back and double-check the notification settings.
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